Breaking the Chains of Gravity Read online

  jet-powered aircraft here, here–here

  Johnson, Lyndon here, here

  Johnson, Roy W. here–here

  Jupiter missiles here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here

  Kammler, Hans here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here

  Kaplan, Joseph here

  Keech, Ray here–here

  Kegeldüse here, here

  Kennedy, John, F. here

  Kensington Palace Gardens, London here–here

  Kesselring, Albert here

  Killian, James here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here

  Kittinger, Joe here, here–here, here

  Korean War here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here

  Kotcher, Ezra here–here

  Krueger, Walter here

  Kummer, Major here–here

  Kummersdorf West here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here

  Land, E. H. here

  Lang, Fritz here–here, here, here, here

  Langley Memorial Laboratory here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here–here

  Lear, Ben here

  Lee, Ernest R. “Tex” here

  Ley, Willy here, here–here

  Lindenberg, Hans here

  Lippisch, Alexander here

  Loki rockets here, here, here, here

  Luftwaffe here–here, here

  Mach, Ernst here

  Man in Space program here–here

  LUMAN here–here

  LUREC here

  MISS here–here

  MISSOPH here–here

  Manhigh here–here, here–here, here

  Manned Earth Reconnaissance here

  Manned Recoverable Earth Orbiter here

  Mars here, here–here

  Marshall, George C. here–here, here

  Martin Company here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology here, here, here, here

  McElroy, Neil here–here, here, here, here

  McMath, Francis Charles here–here

  Me-163 here

  Me-262 here

  Me163B Comet here

  Medaris, John Bruce here–here, here–here, here, here

  Messerschmitt here, here, here

  Metropolis here, here

  mice here

  Mirak 1 and here

  Mittelwerk here–here, here, here, here, here

  monkeys here–here, here–here

  Moon here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here

  Muroc, California here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here

  MX-774 1593 here

  MX-774 here–here, here, here, here

  NACA here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here, here, here

  civilian agency here–here

  NASA here–here

  NASA here–here, here–here

  National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics see NACA

  National Aeronautics and Space (NAS) Act (USA) here

  National Aeronautics and Space Administration see NASA

  National Security Act 1947 (USA) here

  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) here, here–here, here

  Navajo missile here

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  Nazi Party here–here, here

  Kristallnacht here

  Nebel, Rudolf here–here, here, here

  New York Times here, here, here

  Newton’s third law here

  Nimwegen, Erich here–here

  Nixon, Richard here, here

  North American Aviation here–here, here–here, here, here

  X-15 here–here, here

  Northrop Corporation here, here, here, here

  Oberth, Hermann here–here, here–here, here, here

  Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen here–here, here, here–here

  Ways to Spaceflight here

  Opel, Fritz von here–here

  Open Skies Treaty here–here, here

  Operation LUSTY here–here, here–here

  Operation Overcast here–here, here, here, here

  Operation Overlord here–here

  Pearl Harbor here, here, here

  Peenemünde, Germany here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here

  RAF raid here–here

  Perkins, Oliver “Perk” here

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  Project Hermes here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here

  Project HYWARDS here, here

  Project Mercury here–here

  Project Orbiter here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here

  Project Paperclip here, here, here

  Project Vanguard here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here

  Purcell, Edward here

  Quarles, Don here, here–here, here, here

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  RAF here–here

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  satellites here–here, here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here

  Explorer 1 here, here, here–here, here, here

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  Schirra, Walter M. here

  Schriever, Bernhard here, here

  Second World War here

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  Shephard, Alan B. here

  Siemens Company here

  Simons, David here–here, here–here, here, here–here, here

  Slayton, Donald K. here

  Smith, Walter Bedell

  Sonic Wind No. 1 here–here

  Soviet Union here–here, here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here

  Spaatz, Carl A. here

  space program here–here

  Air Research and Development Command (ARDC) here–here

  spaceflight here, here, here, here–here

  Speer, Albert here, here

  Sputnik here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here

  SS (Schutzstaffel) here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here

  SS-6 Sapwood missile here

  Stack,
John here, here–here

  Stalin, Joseph here, here–here, here, here

  Stamer, Friedrich here–here

  Stapp, John Paul here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here

  Staver, Robert here

  Stevenson, Adlai here, here

  Stewart, Charles here–here

  Stewart, Homer Joe here–here, here–here, here, here

  Storms, Harrison here–here, here, here, here–here

  Stratolab here, here

  Suez Crisis here–here

  supersonic flight here, here, here, here–here, here

  manned aircraft here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here

  ultra planes here–here

  Taifun missiles here

  Technical University, Vienna here

  Teller, Edward here–here

  Tessmann, Bernhard here–here, here

  Thor missiles here, here–here

  Titan missiles here, here

  Tofty, Holger here, here, here

  Treaty of Versailles here

  Truman, Harry S. here–here

  Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin here

  TV-2 here–here

  TV-3 here–here, here

  ultra planes here–here, here, here

  United Kingdom see Britain

  Universum Film-Aktien Gesellschaft here–here, here

  Unmanned Recoverable Earth Orbiter here

  USA here–here, here–here

  Army Air Force Scientific Advisory Group here–here

  preparing for war here–here

  V-2 here–here, here, here–here, here, here–here, here, here

  Bumper rockets here–here

  US V-2 program here, here–here, here–here, here

  V-2 attacks on London here, here

  V-2 Upper Atmospheric Research Panel here

  Valier, Max here–here, here–here, here, here

  Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR) here–here, here–here, here, here

  Verne, Jules De la Terre à la Lune here

  Viking here, here–here

  Volkhart, Kurt C. here

  von Hindenburg, Paul here

  von Kármán, Theodore here, here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here

  von Richthofen, Manfred here

  von Richthofen, Wolfram here–here

  WAC Corporal here

  Weyprecht, Carl here–here

  White Sands, New Mexico here–here, here–here, here, here, here

  Williams, Walter C. here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here–here

  Wilson, Charles here, here, here, here, here

  Winzen, Otto here–here, here–here, here–here

  Winzen, Vera here, here–here, here, here

  Woods, Bob here–here, here, here, here

  Woolams, P. V. “Jack” here

  Wright Air Development Center here, here, here

  Wright Field, Ohio here, here, here, here, here–here, here, here

  X-1 here–here, here, here, here

  X-15 here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here–here, here–here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  X-15B here–here, here

  X-1A here–here, here–here

  X-1B here

  X-2 here, here–here, here, here–here, here

  XLR-99 here–here, here

  XP-59A Airacomet here

  XP-79

  YB-49 Flying Wing here

  Yeager, Chuck here–here, here–here, here–here, here–here, here, here

  Concept art from 1961 showing the Dyna-Soar launching atop a Titan II missile.

  Wernher von Braun, center in a suit, watches a V-2 launch with Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch among other military personnel. Peenemünde, May 1943.

  Walter Dornberger, left, and Wernher von Braun with his arm in a cast after the Peenemünde group surrendered to American troops on May 3, 1945.

  Walt Disney, left, with Wernher von Braun in 1954.

  Army Air Force Science Advisory Group members Hugh Dryden, Ben Lockspeiser, Theodore von Kármán, and A. P. Rowe in occupied Germany on May 9, 1945.

  The X-15 immediately after launching from the B-52 mothership in 1959.

  The US Navy’s Vanguard rocket explodes on the launch pad, December 6, 1957.

  John Paul Stapp riding a rocket sled at Edwards Air Force Base.

  The X-15 nestled under the wing of its B-52 launch plane.

  Pilot Stan Butchart training in the Iron Cross Attitude Simulator at the NACA High-Speed Flight Station.

  Neil Armstrong training in the Iron Cross Attitude Simulator at the NACA High-Speed Flight Station in 1956.

  Scott Crossfield standing in front of the Douglas D-558-II Skyrocket in which he broke Mach 2 on November 20, 1953.

  Six frames showing the effects of a rocket sled deceleration test on John Paul Stapp.

  The V-2 rocket, tested and developed by the German Army, is readied for launch under the British Operation Backfire after the Second World War.

  An American soldier examines a half-completed V-2 rocket in an underground assembly plant after the Second World War.

  Fritz von Opel after driving the rocket-powered car Opel RAK 2 at the Avus Speedway in Berlin.

  Wernher von Braun speaks with Harrison Storms during a 1960s visit to the North American Aviation’s Space and Information Systems Division in Downey, California.

  NACA High-Speed Flight Research Station groundbreaking ceremony on January 27, 1953.

  The rear end of the rocketpowered car Opel RAK 2 at the Avus speedway in Berlin, just before Fritz von Opel took it for a test drive.

  American Air Force Lieutenant Colonel David G. Simons, Otto Winzen, and Vera Winzen with the Project Manhigh gondola in 1957.

  President Eisenhower with NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh Dryden, left, and NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan, right, in 1958.

  The opposite of a streamlined space plane, a full-scale Mercury blunt-body capsule goes through wind tunnel testing in 1959.

  JPL director William H. Pickering, physicist James Van Allen, and Wernher von Braun holding a model of Explorer 1 after it successfully reached orbit.

  The US Army’s Jupiter C rocket launches America’s first satellite, Explorer 1, into orbit on January 31, 1958.

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  First published 2016

  Copyright © Amy Shira Teitel, 2016

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  Colour section: P. 1: NASA/ Marshall Space Flight Centre/ courtesy of nasaimages.org. P. 2: Mondadori/ Getty Images (t); US Army/ National Archives/ archives.gov (b). P. 3: NASA/ Marshall Space Flight Centre (tl); NASA/ John Hopkins University (tr); NASA/ courtesy of nasaimages.org (br); Navy/ NASA (bl). P. 4: US Air Force (tl); NASA/ courtesy of nasaimages.org (tr, r, bl, br). P. 5: Keystone/ Stringer/ Getty Images (tl); Science & Society Picture Library/ Getty Images (tr); US Army/ Getty Images (b). P. 6: Gircke/ ullstein bild/ Getty Image (t); NASA/ Marshall Space Flight Centre/ courtesy of nasaimages.org (cl, b). P. 7: Gircke/ ullstein bild/ Getty Images (t); Yale Joel/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images (cr); NASA/ courtesy of nasaimages.org (b). P. 8: NASA/ c
ourtesy of nasaimages.org (tl); NASA/ JPL (tr); NASA (b).

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  ISBN (hardback) 978-1-4729-1117-9

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